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Background of Bengali Language Movement

Bengali Language Movement
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This article is about the language movement in Bangladesh. For other uses, see Language movement.

Procession march held on 21 February 1952 in Dhaka
The Bengali Language Movement, also known as the Language Movement (Bengali: ভাষা আন্দোলন; Bhasha Andolon), was a political effort in Bangladesh (then known as East Pakistan), advocating the recognition of the Bengali language as an official language of Pakistan. Such recognition would allow Bengali to be taught in schools and used in government affairs.
When the state of Pakistan was formed in 1947, its two regions, East Pakistan (also called East Bengal) and West Pakistan, were split along cultural, geographical, and linguistic lines. In 1948, the Government of Pakistan ordained Urdu as the sole national language, sparking extensive protests among the Bengali-speaking majority of East Pakistan. Facing rising sectarian tensions and mass discontent with the new law, the government outlawed public meetings and rallies. The students of the University of Dhaka and other political activists defied the law and organised a protest on 21 February 1952. The movement reached its climax when police killed student demonstrators on that day. The deaths provoked widespread civil unrest led by the Awami Muslim League, later renamed the Awami League. After years of conflict, the central government relented and granted official status to the Bengali language in 1956. In 2000, UNESCO declared 21 February International Mother Language Day for the whole world to celebrate in tribute to the Language Movement and the ethno-linguistic rights of people around the world.
The Language Movement catalysed the assertion of Bengali national identity in Pakistan, and became a forerunner to Bengali nationalist movements, including the 6-point movement and subsequently the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In Bangladesh, 21 February is observed as Language Movement Day, a national holiday. The Shaheed Minar monument was constructed near Dhaka Medical College in memory of the movement and its victims.

"Bangla" redirects here. For Bengali speaking people, see Bengali people.
Bengali or Bangla (Bengali: বাংলা, pronounced [baŋla]) is an eastern Indo-Aryan language. It is native to the region of eastern South Asia known as Bengal, which comprises present day Bangladesh, the Indian state of West Bengal, and parts of the Indian states of Tripura and Assam. With nearly 230 million total speakers, Bengali is one of the most spoken languages (ranking fifth or sixth in the world.
Along with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali evolved circa 1000-1200 AD from the Magadhi Prakrit, a declined, vernacular form of the ancient Sanskrit language. It is now the primary language spoken in Bangladesh and is the second most spoken language in India.
With its long and rich literary tradition, Bengali serves to bind together a culturally diverse region. In 1952, when Bangladesh used to be East Pakistan, this strong sense of identity led to the Bengali Language Movement, in which several people braved bullets and died on February 21. This day has now been declared as the International Mother Language Day.

East Pakistan (Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان Mashriqī Pākistān) was a province of Pakistan between 1947 and 1971. East Pakistan was created from Bengal Province based on a plebiscite in what was then British India in 1947. Eastern Bengal chose to join the Dominion of Pakistan and became a province of Pakistan by the name East Bengal. East Bengal, also comprised East Pakistan in 1956 and later became the independent country of Bangladesh after the bloody Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, which took place after General Elections of 1970. The tension between East and West Pakistan reached a climax when in 1970 the Awami League, the largest East Pakistani political party, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, won a landslide victory in the national elections in East Pakistan. The party won 167 of the 169 seats allotted to East Pakistan, and thus a majority of the 300 seats in the National Assembly. This gave the Awami League the constitutional right to form a government. However, Yahya Khan, the leader of the Pakistan, refused to allow Rahman to become the Prime Minister of Pakistan. This increased agitation for greater autonomy in the East.
On 26 March 1971, the day after the military crackdown on civilians in East Pakistan, Sk. Mujibur Rahman declared the independence of Bangladesh just after midnight of March 25, 1971 before he was arrested by Pakistan army. All major Awami League leaders including elected leaders of national Assembly and Provincial Assembly fled to neighboring India and an exile government was formed headed by Sk. Mujibur Rahman. While he was in Pakistan Prison, Syed Nazrul Islam was the acting President with Tazuddin Ahmed as the Prime Minister. The exile government took oath on April 17, 1971 at Mujib Nagar, within East Pakistan territory of Kustia district and formally formed the government. Col (retd) MAG Osmani was appointed the commander in chief of liberation forces and whole East Pakistan was divided into eleven sectors headed by eleven sector commanders. All sector commanders were Bengali officers from Pakistan army. This started the Bangladesh Liberation War in which the freedom fighters, joined in December 1971 by 400,000 Indian soldiers, faced the Pakistani Army of 65,000 including the paramilitary forces. An additional approximately 25,000 ill-equipped civilian volunteers and police forces also sided with the Pakistan army. On 16 December 1971, the Pakistani Army surrendered to the joint liberation forces of Bangladesh freedom fighters and Indian army Headed by Lt. Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora. Air Vice Marshall AK Khondoker represented the Bangladesh freedom fighters. Pakistan General AAK Niazi signed the surrender letter. Bangladesh quickly gained recognition from most countries and with the signing of the Shimla Accord, most of the countries accepted the new state. Bangladesh joined the United Nations in 1974. Sk. Mujib returned to free Bangladesh on January 10, 1972. Upon his request, India withdrew all its army. 40,000 Pakistan soldiers and 45,000 civilians were transferred to India as prisoners of war.

UNESCO

International Mother Language Day

21 February
International Mother Language Day was proclaimed by UNESCO's General Conference in November 1999. The International Day has been observed every year since February 2000 to promote linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism.

Languages are the most powerful instruments of preserving and developing our tangible and intangible heritage. All moves to promote the dissemination of mother tongues will serve not only to encourage linguistic diversity and multilingual education but also to develop fuller awareness of linguistic and cultural traditions throughout the world and to inspire solidarity based on understanding, tolerance and dialogue.

On 16 May 2007, by resolution 61/266, the General Assembly proclaimed 2008 as the International Year of Languages, to promote unity in diversity and international understanding, through multilingualism and multiculturalism.

সজীব ওয়াজেদ জয় প্রধানমন্ত্রী শেখ হাসিনার ছেলে সজীব ওয়াজেদ জয়

সজীব ওয়াজেদ জয় প্রধানমন্ত্রী শেখ হাসিনার ছেলে সজীব ওয়াজেদ জয় বলেছেন, ‘আওয়ামী লীগকে আবার ক্ষমতায় আনুন, বাংলার চেহারা পাল্টে দেব। আমার কাছে তথ্য আছে, আগামীতে আবারও আওয়ামী লীগ ক্ষমতায় আসবে। আমি বিএনপির মিথ্যা প্রচারণা মোকাবিলা করতে এসেছি।’ আজ মঙ্গলবার বঙ্গবন্ধু অ্যাভিনিউয়ে আওয়ামী-যুবলীগ আয়োজিত ইফতার মাহফিলে প্রধান অতিথির বক্তব্যে সজীব ওয়াজেদ এসব কথা বলেন। ১৬ জুলাই স্ত্রী-কন্যাসহ দেশে আসেন তিনি। দেশে আসার পর এই প্রথম রাজনৈতিক সভায় বক্তব্য রাখলেন জয়। সজীব ওয়াজেদ বলেন, এখন থেকে আগামী ছয় মাস বিএনপির দুর্নীতি, অপশাসন তুলে ধরুন। তাঁদের অপকর্মের কথা মানুষকে মনে করিয়ে দিন। তিনি বলেন, আওয়ামী লীগ ক্ষমতায় থাকলে আগামী ১৫ বছরের মধ্যে দেশ মধ্য আয়ের দেশে পরিণত হবে। সজীব ওয়াজেদ বলেন, সাড়ে চার বছর ধরে আওয়ামী লীগ দেশে উন্নয়ন কর্মকাণ্ড করে যাচ্ছে। এখন আর মানুষকে লোডশেডিংয়ের দুর্ভোগ পোহাতে হয় না। আওয়ামী লীগই বিদ্যুত্ সমস্যার সমাধান করেছে। বিএনপি ক্ষমতায় থাকতে নতুন কোনো বিদ্যুেকন্দ্র বানাতে পারেনি। জনগণের উদ্দেশে সজীব ওয়াজেদ বলেন, ‘আপনারা বিএনপি এবং আওয়ামী লীগের দুই টার্ম তুলনা করে দেখেন, কারা বেশি উন্নয়ন করেছে। আওয়ামী লীগ এক টার্মে যে উন্নয়ন করেছে, বিএনপি দুই টার্মেও সে উন্নয়ন করতে পারেনি।’ সজীব ওয়াজেদ বলেন, বিএনপির আমলে হল-মার্ক, ডেসটিনির মতো দুর্নীতি করলেও কেউ গ্রেপ্তারও হতো না। এমনকি এসব কথা বলাও যেত না। দুর্নীতিতে বাংলাদেশ এক নম্বর ছিল। ব্যবসায়ীদের চাঁদা জমা দেওয়ার জন্য হাওয়া ভবন সৃষ্টি হয়। খাম্বার কথা কেউ ভুলে যায়নি। জয় বলেন, আওয়ামী লীগের আমলে কাউকে চাঁদা দিতে হয়নি। হাতিরঝিলের মতো স্থাপনার কারণে ঢাকাকে আন্তর্জাতিক শহর মনে হয়। তিনি বলেন, ‘অর্থনৈতিক উন্নয়নকে আমরা সবচেয়ে বেশি জোর দিয়েছি। এভাবে অর্থনীতি এগোলে আমাদের ভিশন-২০২১ বাস্তবায়ন হবে। আওয়ামী লীগ দেশকে এগিয়ে নিয়ে যায়। আর বিএনপির আমলে হয় শুধু দুর্নীতি।’ ২০০১ সালে সংখ্যালঘুদের ওপর নির্যাতনের জন্য চারদলীয় জোট সরকারকে দায়ী করেন জয়। প্রধানমন্ত্রীপুত্র বলেন, ‘২১ আগস্টে গ্রেনেড হামলার কথা ভুলে যায়নি। ওই সময় আমার মাকে হত্যার চেষ্টা করা হয়েছিল। প্রয়াত রাষ্ট্রপতি জিল্লুর রহমানের স্ত্রী আইভি রহমানসহ ২৩ জনকে হত্যা করা হয়। চার শ জন আহত হয়। তত্কালীন প্রধানমন্ত্রীর পুত্র এতে জড়িত থাকার অভিযোগ পাওয়া গেছে। যেটা দুঃখজনক।’

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